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The Seven Liberal Arts in the Middle Ages David L Wagner Pdf

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Traditional academic programme in Western higher educational activity

Liberal arts education (from Latin liberalis "free" and ars "fine art or principled practise")[1] is the traditional academic programme in Western higher education.[2] Liberal arts takes the term art in the sense of a learned skill rather than specifically the fine arts. Liberal arts education can refer to studies in a liberal arts degree program or to a university didactics more than generally. Such a course of report contrasts with those that are principally vocational, professional person, or technical.

History [edit]

Before they became known by their Latin variations ( artes liberales , septem artes liberales , studia liberalia ),[iii] the liberal arts were the continuation of Aboriginal Greek methods of research that began with a "want for a universal agreement."[iv] Pythagoras argued that there was a mathematical and geometrical harmony to the cosmos or the universe; his followers linked the four arts of astronomy, mathematics, geometry, and music into one surface area of study to form the "disciplines of the mediaeval quadrivium".[5] In quaternary-century Athens, the government of the polis, or city-state, respected the ability of rhetoric or public speaking higher up nearly everything else.[vi] Eventually rhetoric, grammer, and dialectic (logic) became the educational programme of the trivium. Together they came to be known every bit the seven liberal arts.[seven] Originally these subjects or skills were held by classical artifact to be essential for a free person ( liberalis , "worthy of a free person")[viii] to acquire in order to accept an active office in civic life, something that included among other things participating in public contend, defending oneself in court, serving on juries, and participating in military machine service. While the arts of the quadrivium might take appeared prior to the arts of the trivium, past the center ages educational programmes taught the trivium (grammar, logic, and rhetoric) first while the quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy) were the following phase of instruction.[9]

Rooted in the basic curriculum – the enkuklios paideia or "well-rounded pedagogy" – of late Classical and Hellenistic Hellenic republic, the "liberal arts" or "liberal pursuits" (Latin liberalia studia ) were already so called in formal teaching during the Roman Empire. The first recorded utilize of the term "liberal arts" ( artes liberales ) occurs in De Inventione by Marcus Tullius Cicero, but it is unclear if he created the term.[10] [11] Seneca the Younger discusses liberal arts in teaching from a critical Stoic point of view in Moral Epistles.[12] The exact classification of the liberal arts varied nevertheless in Roman times,[13] and information technology was only after Martianus Capella in the 5th century Advertising influentially brought the seven liberal arts every bit bridesmaids to the Matrimony of Mercury and Philology,[14] that they took on canonical form.[ citation needed ]

The 4 "scientific" artes —music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy—were known from the time of Boethius onwards as the quadrivium. After the ninth century, the remaining 3 arts of the "humanities"—grammar, logic, and rhetoric—‚were grouped as the trivium.[13] Information technology was in that ii-fold form that the vii liberal arts were studied in the medieval Western university.[fifteen] [sixteen] During the Middle Ages, logic gradually came to take predominance over the other parts of the trivium.[17]

In the twelfth century the iconic paradigm – Philosophia et septem artes liberales (Philosophy and 7 liberal arts) – was produced by an Alsatian nun and abbess Herrad of Landsberg with her customs of women as part of the Hortus deliciarum .[18] Their encyclopedia compiled ideas drawn from philosophy, theology, literature, music, arts, and sciences and was intended as a education tool for women of the abbey.[19] Compiled between 1167 and 1185 it contained humanity'south most significant ideas. The image Philosophy and vii liberal arts represents the circumvolve of philosophy, and is presented as a rosette of a cathedral: a central circle and a series of semicircles arranged all effectually. Information technology shows learning and knowledge organised into 7 relations, the Septem Artes Liberales or Seven Liberal Arts. Each of these arts find their source in the Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "honey of wisdom".[18] St. Albert the Corking, a physician of the Catholic Church, asserted that the seven liberal arts were referred to in Sacred Scripture, saying: "It is written, 'Wisdom hath built herself a business firm, she hath hewn her out seven pillars' (Proverbs ix:1). This business firm is the Blest Virgin; the vii pillars are the vii liberal arts."[twenty]

In the Renaissance, the Italian humanists and their Northern counterparts, despite in many respects continuing the traditions of the Heart Ages, reversed that process.[21] Re-christening the old trivium with a new and more ambitious proper name: Studia humanitatis , and as well increasing its telescopic, they downplayed logic equally opposed to the traditional Latin grammar and rhetoric, and added to them history, Greek, and moral philosophy (ethics), with a new emphasis on poetry likewise.[22] The educational curriculum of humanism spread throughout Europe during the sixteenth century and became the educational foundation for the schooling of European elites, the functionaries of political administration, the clergy of the various legally recognized churches, and the learned professions of law and medicine.[23] The platonic of a liberal arts, or humanistic instruction grounded in classical languages and literature, persisted in Europe until the middle of the twentieth century; in the U.s., it had come under increasingly successful attack in the tardily 19th century by academics interested in reshaping American higher education around the natural and social sciences.[24] [25]

Similarly, Wilhelm von Humboldt's educational model in Prussia (now Germany), which later became the role model for higher education also in Due north America, went beyond vocational training. In a letter to the Prussian male monarch, he wrote:

In that location are undeniably sure kinds of knowledge that must be of a general nature and, more importantly, a certain cultivation of the mind and character that nobody can afford to be without. People obviously cannot exist adept craftworkers, merchants, soldiers or businessmen unless, regardless of their occupation, they are skillful, upstanding and – co-ordinate to their condition – well-informed human beings and citizens. If this basis is laid through schooling, vocational skills are easily caused later on, and a person is always gratuitous to motion from one occupation to another, equally and so often happens in life.[26]

The philosopher Julian Nida-Rümelin has criticized discrepancies between Humboldt'due south ideals and the contemporary European education policy, which narrowly understands didactics as a preparation for the labor marketplace, arguing that we demand to decide between "McKinsey and Humboldt".[27]

Modern usage [edit]

The modernistic use of the term liberal arts consists of four areas: the natural sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities. Academic areas that are associated with the term liberal arts include:

  • Life sciences (biology, environmental, neuroscience)
  • Physical scientific discipline (physics, astronomy, chemistry, concrete geography)
  • Logic, mathematics, statistics, figurer science
  • Philosophy
  • History
  • Social science (anthropology, economic science, human geography, linguistics, political science, jurisprudence, psychology, and sociology)
  • Creative arts (fine arts, music, performing arts, literature)

For example, the core courses for Georgetown Academy's Doctor of Liberal Studies plan[28] cover philosophy, theology, history, art, literature, and the social sciences. Wesleyan University'due south Chief of Arts in Liberal Studies program includes courses in visual arts, fine art history, artistic and professional person writing, literature, history, mathematics, film, authorities, education, biology, psychology, and astronomy.[29]

Secondary schoolhouse [edit]

Liberal arts pedagogy at the secondary school level prepares students for higher educational activity at a university.[ citation needed ]

Curricula differ from school to schoolhouse, but by and large include language, chemistry, biology, geography, art, music, history, philosophy, civics, social sciences, and foreign languages.[ commendation needed ]

In the United States [edit]

In the Us, liberal arts colleges are schools emphasizing undergraduate study in the liberal arts.[thirty] The teaching at liberal arts colleges is oft Socratic, typically with small classes; professors are oftentimes allowed to concentrate more on their teaching responsibilities than are professors at research universities.[ citation needed ]

In addition, well-nigh four-twelvemonth colleges are not devoted exclusively or primarily to liberal arts degrees, but offering a liberal arts degree, and allow students not majoring in liberal arts to have courses to satisfy distribution requirements in liberal arts.[ citation needed ]

Traditionally, a available's degree in i detail area within liberal arts, with substantial study outside that main area, is earned over four years of full-time study. However, some universities such as Saint Leo University,[31] Pennsylvania Land University,[32] Florida Establish of Technology,[33] and New England Higher[34] have begun to offer an associate degree in liberal arts. Colleges similar the Thomas More College of Liberal Arts offer a unique programme with only one degree offering, a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies, while the Harvard Extension Schoolhouse offers both a Bachelor of Liberal Arts and a Principal of Liberal Arts.[35] Additionally, colleges similar the University of Oklahoma College of Liberal Studies and the Harvard Extension School[36] offer an online, part-time option for adult and nontraditional students.[ commendation needed ]

Most students earn either a Available of Arts degree or a Available of Science[37] degree; on completing undergraduate study, students might progress to either a liberal arts graduate school or a professional school (public administration, engineering, business organization, law, medicine, theology).[ citation needed ]

Bang-up Books movement [edit]

In 1937 St. John'south Higher changed its curriculum to focus on the Great Books of the Western World to provide a new sort of education that separated itself from the increasingly specialized nature of higher schooling.[38]

In Europe [edit]

"Thriumph of S. Tomas & Allegory of the Sciences" by Andrea di Bonaluto. Frasco, 1365-68, Basilica di S. Maria Novella.

In near parts of Europe, liberal arts education is deeply rooted. In Germany, Republic of austria and countries influenced by their educational activity system it is called 'humanistische Bildung' (humanistic instruction). The term is not to be confused with some mod educational concepts that utilize a similar wording. Educational institutions that come across themselves in that tradition are often a Gymnasium (high school, grammar school). They aim at providing their pupils with comprehensive pedagogy (Bildung) to grade personality with regard to a educatee's own humanity as well equally their innate intellectual skills.[ citation needed ] Going back to the long tradition of the liberal arts in Europe, education in the above sense was freed from scholastic thinking and re-shaped by the theorists of the Enlightenment; in particular, Wilhelm von Humboldt. Since students are considered to have received a comprehensive liberal arts teaching at gymnasia, very frequently the part of liberal arts didactics in undergraduate programs at universities is reduced compared to the US educational arrangement.[ citation needed ] Students are expected to utilize their skills received at the gymnasium to further develop their personality in their own responsibility, due east.g. in universities' music clubs, theatre groups, language clubs, etc. Universities encourage students to do so and offer respective opportunities but do not make such activities part of the university's curriculum.[ citation needed ]

Thus, on the level of higher education, despite the European origin of the liberal arts college,[39] the term liberal arts higher usually denotes liberal arts colleges in the United states of america.[ citation needed ] With the exception of pioneering institutions such as Franklin University Switzerland (formerly known equally Franklin College), established equally a Europe-based, US-manner liberal arts higher in 1969,[40] only recently some efforts have been undertaken to systematically "re-import" liberal arts education to continental Europe, equally with Leiden University College The Hague, Academy Higher Utrecht, Academy College Maastricht, Amsterdam University College, Roosevelt Academy (now University College Roosevelt), University Higher Twente (ATLAS), Erasmus University College, the University of Groningen, Bratislava International Schoolhouse of Liberal Arts, Leuphana Academy of Lüneburg, Key European University, and Bard College Berlin, formerly known as the European College of Liberal Arts. Central European Academy launched a liberal arts undergraduate degree in Culture, Politics, and Lodge [41] in 2020 equally role of its move to Vienna and accreditation in Austria. Also as the colleges listed above, some universities in the netherlands offering bachelors programs in Liberal Arts and Sciences (Tilburg University). Liberal arts (as a caste plan) is just get-go to establish itself in Europe. For instance, University College Dublin offers the caste, as does St. Marys University College Belfast, both institutions coincidentally on the isle of Ireland. In the Netherlands, universities take opened constituent liberal arts colleges nether the terminology university college since the late 1990s. The four-year bachelor's degree in Liberal Arts and Sciences at University College Freiburg is the get-go of its kind in Deutschland. It started in October 2012 with 78 students.[42] The first Liberal Arts degree plan in Sweden was established at Gothenburg University in 2011,[43] followed by a Liberal Arts Bachelor Programme at Uppsala University's Campus Gotland in the autumn of 2013.[44] The commencement Liberal Arts program in Georgia was introduced in 2005 by American-Georgian Initiative for Liberal Teaching (Agile),[45] an NGO. Cheers to their collaboration, Ilia State University[46] became the showtime higher education institution in Georgia to establish a liberal arts program.[47]

In French republic, Chavagnes Studium, a Liberal Arts Study Heart in partnership with the Institut Catholique d'études supérieures, and based in a former Catholic seminary, is launching a ii-year intensive BA in the Liberal Arts, with a distinctively Catholic outlook.[48] It has been suggested that the liberal arts caste may get part of mainstream education provision in the United kingdom, Ireland and other European countries. In 1999, the European College of Liberal Arts (at present Bard Higher Berlin) was founded in Berlin[49] and in 2009 it introduced a 4-twelvemonth Available of Arts plan in Value Studies taught in English language,[50] leading to an interdisciplinary degree in the humanities.[ commendation needed ]

In England, the first institution[51] to retrieve and update a liberal arts didactics at the undergraduate level was the University of Winchester with their BA (Hons) Modern Liberal Arts plan which launched in 2010.[51] In 2012, University College London began its interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences BASc degree (which has kinship with the liberal arts model) with 80 students.[52] King's College London launched the BA Liberal Arts, which has a slant towards arts, humanities and social sciences subjects.[53] The New Higher of the Humanities also launched a new liberal teaching program. Durham University has both a popular BA Liberal Arts and a BA Combined Honours in Social Sciences plan, both of which allow for interdisciplinary approaches to education. The University of Nottingham as well has a Liberal Arts BA with study abroad options and links with its Natural Sciences degrees.[54] In 2016, the Academy of Warwick launched a three/4-twelvemonth liberal arts BA degree, which focuses on transdisciplinary approaches and trouble-based learning techniques in improver to providing structured disciplinary pathways.[55] And for 2017 entry UCAS lists 20 providers of liberal arts programmes.[56]

In Scotland, the four-year undergraduate Honours degree, specifically the Master of Arts, has historically demonstrated considerable breadth in focus. In the first two years of Scottish MA and BA degrees students typically written report a number of different subjects before specialising in their Honours years (3rd and fourth year). The University of Dundee and the University of Glasgow (at its Crichton Campus) are the only Scottish universities that currently offer a specifically named 'Liberal Arts' degree.[ commendation needed ]

In Slovakia, the Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts (BISLA) is located in the Old Town of Bratislava. Information technology is the kickoff liberal arts higher in Central Europe. A private, accredited three-year degree-granting undergraduate institution, it opened in September 2006.[ citation needed ]

In Asia [edit]

"A swain introduced to the vii Liberal Arts" by Sandro Boticelli, c. 1484. Fresco in Villa Lemni, Florence.

The Commission on Higher Education of the Philippines mandates a General Teaching curriculum required of all higher didactics institutions; it includes a number of liberal arts subjects, including history, art appreciation, and ethics, plus interdisciplinary electives. Many universities have much more robust liberal arts core curricula; most notably, the Jesuit universities such as Ateneo de Manila University have a strong liberal arts cadre curriculum that includes philosophy, theology, literature, history, and the social sciences. Forman Christian College is a liberal arts academy in Lahore, Pakistan. Information technology is one of the oldest institutions in the Indian subcontinent. Information technology is a chartered university recognized by the Higher Pedagogy Commission of Islamic republic of pakistan. Habib University in Karachi, Islamic republic of pakistan offers a holistic liberal arts and sciences experience to its students through its uniquely tailored liberal cadre programme which is compulsory for all undergraduate degree students.[57] [58] The Underwood International College of Yonsei University, Korea, has compulsory liberal arts courses for all the student body.[ citation needed ]

In India, at that place are many institutions that offering undergraduate UG or bachelor'south degree/diploma and postgraduate PG or master'south degree/diploma too every bit doctoral PhD and postdoctoral studies and research, in this academic discipline. Manipal University of College Education – MAHE, an Institution of Eminence equally recognised by MHRD of Govt of India in 2018, houses a Faculty of Liberal Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, and also others like Symbiosis & FLAME University in Pune, Ahmedabad University, Ashoka University, and Azim Premji Academy in Bangalore. Lingnan University and University of Liberal Arts- Bangladesh (ULAB) are besides a few such liberal arts colleges in Asia. International Christian University in Tokyo is the start and one of the very few liberal arts universities in Japan. Fulbright University Vietnam is the first liberal arts institution in Vietnam.[ citation needed ]

In Australia [edit]

Campion College is a Roman Catholic dedicated liberal arts higher, located in the western suburbs of Sydney. Founded in 2006, it is the first tertiary educational liberal arts college of its type in Australia. Campion offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts as its sole undergraduate caste. The key disciplines studied are history, literature, philosophy, and theology.[59]

The Millis Establish is the School of Liberal Arts at Christian Heritage College located in Brisbane. Founded by Dr. Ryan Messmore, former President of Campion College, the Millis Plant offers a Available of Arts in the Liberal Arts in which students tin choose to major in Philosophy, Theology, History or Literature. Information technology as well endorses a 'Study Abroad' program whereby students tin earn credit towards their degree past undertaking 2 units over a 5-week plan at the Academy of Oxford. As of 2022, Elizabeth Hillman is currently the President of the Millis Institute.[60]

A new school of Liberal Arts has been formed in the Academy of Wollongong; the new Arts course entitled 'Western Civilisation' was first offered in 2020. The interdisciplinary curriculum focuses on the classic intellectual and artistic literature of the Western tradition. Courses in the liberal arts have recently been developed at the Academy of Sydney and the University of Notre Matriarch.[ citation needed ]

Come across also [edit]

  • Artes Mechanicae  – Latin for "the mechanical arts"
  • Bachelor of General Studies
  • Bachelor of Liberal Arts
  • Bachelor of Liberal Studies
  • Classical education
  • Classical education movement
  • Higher of Arts and Sciences
  • Physician of Liberal Studies
  • Didactics in ancient Hellenic republic
  • Education in aboriginal Rome
  • Education reform § Reforms of classical education
  • 4 arts
  • General studies
  • Bully books
  • Smashing Books programs in Canada
  • Humanitas
  • Humanities
  • Interdisciplinarity
  • Jesuit didactics (Eloquentia perfecta)
  • Liberal arts college
  • Liberal education
  • Listing of liberal arts colleges
  • STEAM fields
  • Transcendentalism

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ "MA Liberal Arts | Course Overview". University of Winchester . Retrieved 6 Feb 2022.
  2. ^ "What is Liberal Arts? – Aboriginal, Medieval, Modern". Liberal Arts UK . Retrieved four June 2018.
  3. ^ Kimball, Bruce A., 1951- (1995). Orators & philosophers : a history of the idea of liberal educational activity (Expanded ed.). New York: College Entrance Examination Board. ISBN0-87447-514-7. OCLC 32776486. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Tubbs, Nigel (2014). Philosophy and Modern Liberal Arts Didactics: Freedom is to Learn. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. ane. ISBN978-1-137-35891-2. OCLC 882530818.
  5. ^ Tubbs, Nigel (2014). Philosophy and Modern Liberal Arts Education: Freedom is to Acquire. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 17. ISBN978-1-137-35891-2. OCLC 882530818.
  6. ^ "Trivium and Quadrivium | The Seven Liberal Arts | Study Liberal Arts". Liberal Arts . Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  7. ^ "Philosophy and the Liberal Arts | Essays". Liberal Arts. 25 Jan 2020. Retrieved 25 Apr 2020.
  8. ^ Curtius, Ernst Robert (1973) [1948]. European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages . Translated by Trask, Willard R. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 37. ISBN9780691097398. The classical sources include Cicero, De Oratore, I.72–73, III.127, and De re publica, I.30.
  9. ^ Castle, E.B. (1969). Ancient Education and Today. p. 59.
  10. ^ Kimball, Bruce. Orators and Philosophers. New York: Higher Archway Examination Board, 1995. p. thirteen
  11. ^ Cicero. De Inventione. Book 1, Section 35
  12. ^ Seneca. Ben Schneider (ed.). "Epistle". Stoics.com. 88. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  13. ^ a b Lausberg, H. (1998). Handbook of Literary Rhetoric. p. 10.
  14. ^ Waddell, Helen (1968). The Wandering Scholars. p. 25.
  15. ^ "James Burke: The 24-hour interval the Universe Changed In the Light Of the Higher up". YouTube. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.
  16. ^ Wagner, David Leslie (1983). The Vii liberal arts in the Middle Ages. Indiana University Printing. ISBN978-0-253-35185-2 . Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  17. ^ Waddell, Helen (1968). The Wandering Scholars. pp. 141–143.
  18. ^ a b Tidbury, Iain (5 August 2019). "Liberal Arts Didactics past and for Women". Liberal Arts . Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  19. ^ Griffiths, Fiona J. (3 June 2011). The Garden of Delights: Reform and Renaissance for Women in the Twelfth Century. University of Pennsylvania Printing. ISBN9780812202113.
  20. ^ Michael, William (2020). "The Virgin Mary and the Classical Liberal Arts". Classical Liberal Arts Academy.
  21. ^ G. Norton ed., The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism Vol 3 (1999)p. 46 and pp. 601–iv
  22. ^ Paul Oskar Kristeller, Renaissance Thought Two: Papers on Humanism and the Arts (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), p. 178.
  23. ^ Charles G. Nauert, Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe (New Approaches to European History) (Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 172–173.
  24. ^ Bod, Rens; A New History of the Humanities, Oxford Academy Press, Oxford, 2014.
  25. ^ Adler, Eric; The Battle of the Classics: How a Nineteenth-Century Debate Can Save the Humanities Today, Oxford Academy Press, Oxford, 2020, p. 59.
  26. ^ As quoted in Profiles of educators: Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) past Karl-Heinz Günther (1988), doi:10.1007/BF02192965
  27. ^ Nida-Rümelin, Julian (29 October 2009). "Bologna-Prozess: Die Chance zum Kompromiss ist da". Die Zeit (in German language). Retrieved 29 Nov 2015.
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  36. ^ https://extension.harvard.edu.
  37. ^ For example, Georgia Establish of Engineering science'due south bachelor of scientific discipline degree in Applied Languages and Intercultural Studies http://www.modlangs.gatech.edu
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  60. ^ "Part of the President | Mills College".

References [edit]

  • Castle, Eastward.B. (1969). Ancient Education and Today.
  • Curtius, Ernst Robert (1973) [1948]. European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages . Translated by Trask, Willard R. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN9780691097398.
  • Griffiths, Fiona J. (2011). The Garden of Delights: Reform and Renaissance for Women in the Twelfth Century. University of Pennsylvania Printing. ISBN9780812202113.
  • Kimball, Bruce A. Orators and Philosophers: A History of the Idea of Liberal Pedagogy. Higher Lath, 1995.
  • Lausberg, H. (1998). Handbook of Literary Rhetoric.
  • Michael, William (2020). "The Virgin Mary and the Classical Liberal Arts". Classical Liberal Arts Academy.
  • Tidbury, Iain (5 Baronial 2019). "Liberal Arts Education by and for Women". Liberal Arts . Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  • Tubbs, Nigel (2014). Philosophy and Modern Liberal Arts Didactics: Freedom is to Learn. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-1-137-35891-2. OCLC 882530818.
  • Waddell, Helen (1968). The Wandering Scholars.
  • Wagner, David Leslie (1983). The Vii liberal arts in the Middle Ages. Indiana University Press. ISBN978-0-253-35185-two.

Further reading [edit]

  • Anders, George (2019). Y'all Can Do Anything: The Surprising Ability of a "Useless" Liberal Arts Education. Back Bay Books. ISBN978-0316548885.
  • Barzun, Jacques. The Firm of Intellect, Reprint Harper Perennial, 2002.
  • Blaich, Charles, Anne Bost, Ed Chan, and Richard Lynch. "Defining Liberal Arts Education." Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts, 2004.
  • Blanshard, Brand. The Uses of a Liberal Educational activity: And Other Talks to Students. (Open up Court, 1973. ISBN 0-8126-9429-five)
  • Friedlander, Jack. Measuring the Benefits of Liberal Arts Instruction in Washington's Community Colleges. Los Angeles: Heart for the Study of Community Colleges, 1982a. (ED 217 918)
  • Grafton Anthony and Lisa Jardine. From Humanism to the Humanities: The Institutionalizing of the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-century Europe, Harvard University Press, 1987.
  • Guitton, Jean. A Student's Guide to Intellectual Work, The University of Notre Matriarch Press, 1964.
  • Highet, Gilbert. The Art of Pedagogy, Vintage Books, 1950.
  • Joseph, Sister Miriam. The Trivium: The Liberal Arts of Logic, Grammar, and Rhetoric. Paul Dry out Books Inc, 2002.
  • Kimball, Bruce A. The Liberal Arts Tradition: A Documentary History. University Press Of America, 2010.
  • T. Kaori Kitao; William R. Kenan, Jr. (27 March 1999). The Usefulness Of Uselessness (PDF). Keynote Address, The 1999 Found for the Bookish Advancement of Youth's Odyssey at Swarthmore College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 Oct 2008. {{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  • McGrath, Charles. "What Every Pupil Should Know", New York Times, 8 January 2006.
  • Parker, H. "The Seven Liberal Arts," The English Historical Review, Vol. V, 1890.
  • Pfnister, Allan O. (1984). "The Role of the Liberal Arts College: A Historical Overview of the Debates". The Journal of Higher Pedagogy. Ohio State University Press. 55 (2): 145–70. doi:10.2307/1981183. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1981183.
  • Reeves, Floyd Westward. (1930). "The Liberal-Arts Higher". The Journal of Higher Education. Ohio Country Academy Press. one (7): 373–80. doi:10.2307/1974170. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1974170.
  • Ruckdeschel, Christopher. On the Nature of the Classical Liberal Arts, Bookbaby, 2019.
  • Saint-Victor, Hugh of. The Didascalicon, Columbia University Press, 1961.
  • Schall, James V. Another Sort of Learning, Ignatius Press, 1988.
  • Seidel, George J. (1968). "Saving the Small College". The Journal of College Instruction. Ohio Land University Press. 39 (6): 339–42. doi:10.2307/1979916. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1979916.
  • Sertillanges, A. G. The Intellectual Life, The Cosmic Academy of America Printing, 1998.
  • Tubbs, North. (2011) "Know Thyself: Macrocosm and Microcosm" in Studies in Philosophy and Education Volume 30 no.ane
  • Winterer, Caroline. The Civilisation of Classicism: Ancient Hellenic republic and Rome in American Intellectual Life, 1780–1910. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
  • Wriston, Henry M. The Nature of a Liberal College. Lawrence University Press, 1937.
  • Zakaria, Fareed. In Defense of a Liberal Pedagogy. New York: Westward.W. Norton & Company, 2015.

External links [edit]

  • "Arts, Liberal". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. Definition and curt history of the Seven Liberal Arts from 1905.
  • Fr. Herve de la Bout, "The Seven Liberal Arts", Edocere, a Resources for Cosmic Education, Feb 2002. Thomas Aquinas'south definition of and justification for a liberal arts pedagogy.
  • Otto Willmann. "The Seven Liberal Arts". In The Cosmic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Visitor, 1907. Retrieved thirteen Baronial 2012.] "[Renaissance] Humanists, over-fond of change, unjustly condemned the system of the vii liberal arts as fell. It is no more than vicious than the Gothic mode, a name intended to be a reproach. The Gothic, built upwards on the formulation of the old basilica, aboriginal in origin, all the same Christian in character, was misjudged by the Renaissance on account of some excrescences, and obscured past the additions engrafted upon it by modern lack of gustation… That the achievements of our forefathers should exist understood, recognized, and adjusted to our own needs, is surely to be desired."
  • Andrew Chrucky (1 September 2003). "The Aim of Liberal Didactics". "The content of a liberal pedagogy should be moral problems as provided by history, anthropology, folklore, economics, and politics. And these should exist discussed along with a reflection on the nature of morality and the nature of discussions, i.eastward., through a written report of rhetoric and logic. Since give-and-take takes place in linguistic communication, an effort should be made to develop a facility with language."
  • "Philosophy of Liberal Pedagogy" A bibliography, compiled by Andrew Chrucky, with links to essays offering different points of view on the meaning of a liberal education.
  • Mark Peltz, "The Liberal Arts and Leadership", College News (The Annapolis Group), 14 May 2012. A defense of liberal didactics by the Associate Dean of Grinnell College (first appeared in Within Higher Ed).
  • "Liberal Arts at the Community College", an ERIC Fact Sheet. ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges Los Angeles
  • "A Descriptive Analysis of the Community College Liberal Arts Curriculum". ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges Los Angeles
  • The Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts. Website most The Wabash Study (for improving liberal education). Sponsored past the Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts at Wabash College (Indiana), the Wabash Study began in the autumn of 2010 – scheduled to end in 2013. Participants include 29 prominent colleges and universities.
  • Academic Commons. An online platform in support of the liberal education community. It is a forum for sharing practices, outcomes, and lessons learned of online learning. Formerly sponsored by the Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts, The Academic Eatables is hosted by the National Institute for Technology in Liberal Didactics ("NITLE".).
  • The Liberal Arts Advantage – for Business. Website dedicated to "Bridging the gap between business organization and the liberal arts". "A liberal arts education is aimed at developing the power to think, reason, clarify, decide, discern, and evaluate. That's in dissimilarity to a professional or technical education (business, engineering, figurer scientific discipline, etc.) which develops specific abilities aimed at preparing students for vocations."
  • Video explanation by Professor Nigel Tubbs of liberal arts curriculum and degree requirements of Winchester Academy, UK.. "Liberal arts education (Latin: liberalis, free, and ars, art or principled practice) involves us in thinking philosophically beyond many subject area boundaries in the humanities, the social and natural sciences, and fine arts. The degree combines compulsory modules covering art, organized religion, literature, science and the history of ideas with a wide range of optional modules. This enables students to have flexibility and control over their programme of study and the content of their assessments."

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_education

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